Ephedrine
Uses of Ephedrine
Ephedrine is commonly used to treat cardiac arrest, decreased blood pressure, glaucoma, hypotension following spinal anaesthesia, nasal congestion (blocked nose), septic shock, and severe allergic reactions. It is also used to stop bleeding and as local anaesthesia (numb tissues in a specific area).
How Ephedrine Works
Ephedrine works by stimulating both α- and β-receptors which results in bronchodilation, peripheral vasoconstriction, and central nervous system stimulation. It also stimulates the respiratory center.
Side Effects of Ephedrine
Dry mouth, Tremor, Anxiety, Restless, Nausea, Tachycardia, Headache, Hypertension, Cardiac arrhythmia, Seizures, Myocardial infarction
Warnings
Kidney Use With Care
Ephedrine should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment.
Alcohol Not Advisable
It is not advisable to use Ephedrine with alcohol as there is limited data on the interactions. Some studies also reported that drinking alcohol may worsen the side effects of the central nervous system caused by Ephedrine.
Pregnancy Not Safe
Animal studies have demonstrated that Ephedrine can cause teratogenic effect however, there are limited human studies regarding the usage of Ephedrine in pregnancy. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid Ephedrine during pregnancy, unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks to the fetus.
Driving Generally Safe
Ephedrine usually does not affect the ability to drive. Do not drive unless you are feeling well.
Liver Use With Care
There is no data to suggest the effects of Ephedrine on hepatic function.
Lactation Not Advisable
Ephedrine is excreted in breast milk and there are studies which demonstrated that breastfed infants whose mothers were on treatment with Ephedrine, might suffer from irritability and disturbed sleep patterns. The decision to discontinue treatment or breastfeeding depends on the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant or the benefits of treatment to the mother.
Frequently Asked Questions
Written by Dr Sri Viknarajan, MD (Universiti Hasanuddin, Indonesia)
Reviewed by Dr Nur Syuhada binti Zulkifli, MD, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM).
